The increasing diversity of test-takers presents unique challenges to ensuring test fairness and cultural alignments. Cultural and linguistic differences can impact test performance and may affect test-taker behavior, including the likelihood of cheating. This session will explore the impact of cultural and linguistic differences on test administration, test development, and the impacts associated with those processes. The session will begin by discussing the various ways in which cultural and linguistic differences can impact test performance. This may include the use of culturally responsive test design, such as incorporating culturally relevant content and utilizing translated test materials that resonate with diverse populations. The presenters will also emphasize the significance of providing accommodations for test-takers with language barriers. Additionally, it will delve into the exam creation process and the cultural factors that influence it. Exam creation processes can vary across different cultural contexts. These variations encompass sourcing item content, developing test structures, and ensuring cultural alignment. Furthermore, this session will explore the potential impact of stereotypes and bias on test-taker behavior, including cheating and irregularities. Attendees will gain insights into how cultural and linguistic factors can influence these behaviors and the importance of addressing them to maintain test fairness in high-stakes testing.